数据质量是发展医疗保健中值得信赖的AI的关键因素。大量具有控制混杂因素的策划数据集可以帮助提高下游AI算法的准确性，鲁棒性和隐私性。但是，访问高质量的数据集受数据获取的技术难度的限制，并且严格的道德限制阻碍了医疗保健数据的大规模共享。数据合成算法生成具有与真实临床数据相似的分布的数据，可以作为解决可信度AI的发展过程中缺乏优质数据的潜在解决方案。然而，最新的数据合成算法，尤其是深度学习算法，更多地集中于成像数据，同时忽略了非成像医疗保健数据的综合，包括临床测量，医疗信号和波形以及电子保健记录（EHRS）（EHRS） 。因此，在本文中，我们将回顾合成算法，尤其是对于非成像医学数据，目的是在该领域提供可信赖的AI。本教程风格的审查论文将对包括算法，评估，局限性和未来研究方向在内的各个方面进行全面描述。

气道分割对于检查，诊断和预后的肺部疾病至关重要，而其手动描述则不当。为了减轻这种耗时且潜在的主观手动程序，研究人员提出了从计算机断层扫描（CT）图像自动分割气道的方法。但是，一些小型气道分支（例如，支气管和终末支气管）显着加剧了通过机器学习模型的自动分割难度。特别是，气道分支中体素值和严重的数据失衡的方差使计算模块容易导致不连续和假阴性预测。注意机制表明了分割复杂结构的能力，而模糊逻辑可以减少特征表示的不确定性。因此，由模糊注意力层给出的深度注意力网络和模糊理论的整合应该是升级的解决方案。本文提出了一种有效的气道分割方法，包括一个新型的模糊注意力神经网络和全面的损失函数，以增强气道分割的空间连续性。深层模糊集由特征图中的一组体素和可学习的高斯成员功能制定。与现有的注意机制不同，所提出的特异性模糊注意力解决了不同渠道中异质特征的问题。此外，提出了一种新的评估指标来评估气道结构的连续性和完整性。该方法的效率已通过在包括精确的09和LIDC数据集在内的开放数据集上进行测试，以及我们的内部Covid-19和纤维化肺病数据集证明了这一建议的效率。

在过去的两年中，Covid-19-19的到来引起的动荡继续带来新的挑战。在这次COVID-19大流行期间，需要快速鉴定感染患者和计算机断层扫描（CT）图像中感染区域的特定描述。尽管已迅速建立了深层监督的学习方法，但图像级和像素级标签的稀缺性以及缺乏可解释的透明度仍然阻碍了AI的适用性。我们可以识别受感染的患者并以极端的监督描绘感染吗？半监督的学习表明，在有限的标记数据和足够的未标记数据下，表现出了有希望的表现。受到半监督学习的启发，我们提出了一种模型不可静止的校准伪标记策略，并将其应用于一致性正则化框架下，以生成可解释的识别和描述结果。我们通过有限的标记数据和足够的未标记数据或弱标记数据的组合证明了模型的有效性。广泛的实验表明，我们的模型可以有效利用有限的标记数据，并为临床常规中的决策提供可解释的分类和分割结果。该代码可从https://github.com/ayanglab/xai covid-11获得。

New architecture GPUs like A100 are now equipped with multi-instance GPU (MIG) technology, which allows the GPU to be partitioned into multiple small, isolated instances. This technology provides more flexibility for users to support both deep learning training and inference workloads, but efficiently utilizing it can still be challenging. The vision of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive and practical benchmark study for MIG in order to eliminate the need for tedious manual benchmarking and tuning efforts. To achieve this vision, the paper presents MIGPerf, an open-source tool that streamlines the benchmark study for MIG. Using MIGPerf, the authors conduct a series of experiments, including deep learning training and inference characterization on MIG, GPU sharing characterization, and framework compatibility with MIG. The results of these experiments provide new insights and guidance for users to effectively employ MIG, and lay the foundation for further research on the orchestration of hybrid training and inference workloads on MIGs. The code and results are released on https://github.com/MLSysOps/MIGProfiler. This work is still in progress and more results will be published soon.

Tobacco origin identification is significantly important in tobacco industry. Modeling analysis for sensor data with near infrared spectroscopy has become a popular method for rapid detection of internal features. However, for sensor data analysis using traditional artificial neural network or deep network models, the training process is extremely time-consuming. In this paper, a novel broad learning system with Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy subsystem is proposed for rapid identification of tobacco origin. Incremental learning is employed in the proposed method, which obtains the weight matrix of the network after a very small amount of computation, resulting in much shorter training time for the model, with only about 3 seconds for the extra step training. The experimental results show that the TS fuzzy subsystem can extract features from the near infrared data and effectively improve the recognition performance. The proposed method can achieve the highest prediction accuracy (95.59 %) in comparison to the traditional classification algorithms, artificial neural network, and deep convolutional neural network, and has a great advantage in the training time with only about 128 seconds.

Accurate modeling of ship performance is crucial for the shipping industry to optimize fuel consumption and subsequently reduce emissions. However, predicting the speed-power relation in real-world conditions remains a challenge. In this study, we used in-service monitoring data from multiple vessels with different hull shapes to compare the accuracy of data-driven machine learning (ML) algorithms to traditional methods for assessing ship performance. Our analysis consists of two main parts: (1) a comparison of sea trial curves with calm-water curves fitted on operational data, and (2) a benchmark of multiple added wave resistance theories with an ML-based approach. Our results showed that a simple neural network outperformed established semi-empirical formulas following first principles. The neural network only required operational data as input, while the traditional methods required extensive ship particulars that are often unavailable. These findings suggest that data-driven algorithms may be more effective for predicting ship performance in practical applications.

We present temporally layered architecture (TLA), a biologically inspired system for temporally adaptive distributed control. TLA layers a fast and a slow controller together to achieve temporal abstraction that allows each layer to focus on a different time-scale. Our design is biologically inspired and draws on the architecture of the human brain which executes actions at different timescales depending on the environment's demands. Such distributed control design is widespread across biological systems because it increases survivability and accuracy in certain and uncertain environments. We demonstrate that TLA can provide many advantages over existing approaches, including persistent exploration, adaptive control, explainable temporal behavior, compute efficiency and distributed control. We present two different algorithms for training TLA: (a) Closed-loop control, where the fast controller is trained over a pre-trained slow controller, allowing better exploration for the fast controller and closed-loop control where the fast controller decides whether to "act-or-not" at each timestep; and (b) Partially open loop control, where the slow controller is trained over a pre-trained fast controller, allowing for open loop-control where the slow controller picks a temporally extended action or defers the next n-actions to the fast controller. We evaluated our method on a suite of continuous control tasks and demonstrate the advantages of TLA over several strong baselines.

As a common appearance defect of concrete bridges, cracks are important indices for bridge structure health assessment. Although there has been much research on crack identification, research on the evolution mechanism of bridge cracks is still far from practical applications. In this paper, the state-of-the-art research on intelligent theories and methodologies for intelligent feature extraction, data fusion and crack detection based on data-driven approaches is comprehensively reviewed. The research is discussed from three aspects: the feature extraction level of the multimodal parameters of bridge cracks, the description level and the diagnosis level of the bridge crack damage states. We focus on previous research concerning the quantitative characterization problems of multimodal parameters of bridge cracks and their implementation in crack identification, while highlighting some of their major drawbacks. In addition, the current challenges and potential future research directions are discussed.

Two approaches to AI, neural networks and symbolic systems, have been proven very successful for an array of AI problems. However, neither has been able to achieve the general reasoning ability required for human-like intelligence. It has been argued that this is due to inherent weaknesses in each approach. Luckily, these weaknesses appear to be complementary, with symbolic systems being adept at the kinds of things neural networks have trouble with and vice-versa. The field of neural-symbolic AI attempts to exploit this asymmetry by combining neural networks and symbolic AI into integrated systems. Often this has been done by encoding symbolic knowledge into neural networks. Unfortunately, although many different methods for this have been proposed, there is no common definition of an encoding to compare them. We seek to rectify this problem by introducing a semantic framework for neural-symbolic AI, which is then shown to be general enough to account for a large family of neural-symbolic systems. We provide a number of examples and proofs of the application of the framework to the neural encoding of various forms of knowledge representation and neural network. These, at first sight disparate approaches, are all shown to fall within the framework's formal definition of what we call semantic encoding for neural-symbolic AI.

Diffusion models have shown a great ability at bridging the performance gap between predictive and generative approaches for speech enhancement. We have shown that they may even outperform their predictive counterparts for non-additive corruption types or when they are evaluated on mismatched conditions. However, diffusion models suffer from a high computational burden, mainly as they require to run a neural network for each reverse diffusion step, whereas predictive approaches only require one pass. As diffusion models are generative approaches they may also produce vocalizing and breathing artifacts in adverse conditions. In comparison, in such difficult scenarios, predictive models typically do not produce such artifacts but tend to distort the target speech instead, thereby degrading the speech quality. In this work, we present a stochastic regeneration approach where an estimate given by a predictive model is provided as a guide for further diffusion. We show that the proposed approach uses the predictive model to remove the vocalizing and breathing artifacts while producing very high quality samples thanks to the diffusion model, even in adverse conditions. We further show that this approach enables to use lighter sampling schemes with fewer diffusion steps without sacrificing quality, thus lifting the computational burden by an order of magnitude. Source code and audio examples are available online (https://uhh.de/inf-sp-storm).